ppress viral replication and dissemination at an early stage.<br>For SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the response to viral infection by type I IFN is suppressed. Both coronaviruses employ multiple strategies to interfere with the signaling leading<br>to type I IFN production and/or the signaling downstream of<br>IFNAR. This dampening strategy is closely associated with the<br>disease severity.29 At the step of type I IFN induction, SARSCoV interferes with the signaling downstream of RNA sensors directly or indirectly such as ubiquitination and degradation of RNA sensor adaptor molecules MAVS and TRAF3/6<br>and inhibiting IRF3 nuclear translocation.30 MERS-CoV also<br>utilizes some of these strategies with additional mechanism<br>such as repressive histone modification.30 Once type I IFN is<br>secreted, these two viruses are equipped with mechanism that<br>inhibit IFN signaling such as decreasing STAT1 phosphorylation.28 The viral proteins involved in the modulation of this<br>host type I IFN response are both structural proteins (such as<br>M, N) and non-structural proteins (ORF proteins).
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